HISTORY
Histroy of Laser jet printer
The history of printing goes back to the duplication of images by means of stamps in very
early times. The use of round seals for rolling an impression into clay tablets
goes back to early Mesopotamian civilization before 3000 BCE, they feature
complex and beautiful images. In both China and Egypt, the use of small stamps
for seals preceded the use of larger blocks. In China, India and Europe,
printing on cloth certainly preceded printing on paper or papyrus. The process
is essentially the same: in Europe special presentation impressions of prints were often printed on silk until
the 17th century. The development of printing has made it possible for books,
newspapers, magazines, and other reading materials to be produced in great
numbers, and it plays an important role in promoting literacy.
Types of printer
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Lithography (1796)
Invented by Bavarian
author Aloys Senefelder
in 1796,
[63]
lithography is a
method for printing
on a smooth
surface.
Lithography is a
printing process that
uses chemical processes
to create an
image. For instance,
the positive part
of an
image would be a hydrophobic chemical, while the negative
image would be water. Thus, when the plate is introduced to a
compatible ink and
water mixture, the
ink will adhere
to the positive
image and the
water will clean
the negative image.
This allows for
a relatively flat
print plate which
allows for much
longer runs than
the older physical
methods of imaging
Rotary printing press
Intaglio
Intaglio printing. The top line is the
paper , to which a slightly raised
layer of ink adheres; the matrix is
beneath
Dot matrix printer (1968)
A dot matrix
printer or impact
matrix printer refers
to a type
of computer printer
with a print
head that runs
back and
forth on the
page and prints
by impact, striking
an ink-soaked cloth
ribbon against the
paper, much like a typewriter.
Unlike a typewriter
or daisy wheel
printer, letters are
drawn out of
a dot matrix,
and thus, varied
fonts and arbitrary
graphics can be
produced. Because the
printing involves mechanical pressure,
these printers can
create carbon copies and
carbonless copies.
Each dot is
produced by a
tiny metal rod,
also called a
"wire" or "pin", which
is driven forward
by the power
of a tiny
electromagnet or solenoid, either directly or through small
levers (pawls). Facing the ribbon and the paper is a small guide
plate (often made
of an artificial
jewel such as
sapphire or ruby
[3]
(http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4194846.html))
pierced with holes
to serve as
guides for the
pins. The moving
portion of the
printer is called
the print head,
and when
running the printer
as a generic
text device generally
prints one line
of text at
a time. Most
dot matrix printers
have a
single vertical line
of dot-making equipment
on their print
heads; others have
a few interleaved
rows in order
to improve
dot density.
The first dot-matrix printers were invented in Japan.
[68]
In 1968, Japanese manufacturer Epson released the EP-101,
[69][70]
the world's first
dot-matrix printer.
[68]
The same year,
Japanese manufacturer OKI
introduced the first
serial impact dot
matrix printer (SIDM), the OKI Wiredot.
Thermal printer
A thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a
printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper,
or thermal paper
as it is
commonly known, when
the paper passes
over the thermal
print head. The coating
turns black in
the areas where it is heated, producing an image.
Laser printer (1969)
The laser printer, based on a modified xerographic copier,
was invented at Xerox in 1969 by researcher Gary Starkweather,
who had a
fully functional networked
printer system working
by 1971.
[74][75]
Laser printing eventually
became a
multibillion-dollar business for Xerox.
The first commercial implementation of a laser printer was
the IBM model 3800 in 1976, used for high-volume printing of
documents such as
invoices and mailing
labels. It is
often cited as
"taking up a
whole room," implying
that it was a
primitive
version of the
later familiar device
used with a
personal computer. While
large, it was
designed for an
entirely
different purpose. Many 3800s are still in use.
The first laser
printer designed for
use with an
individual computer was
released with the
Xerox Star 8010
in 1981.
Although it was
innovative, the Star
was an expensive
($17,000) system that
was only purchased
by a small
number of
laboratories and institutions.
After personal computers
became more widespread,
the first laser
printer intended for a
mass market was
the HP LaserJet
8ppm, released in
1984, using a
Canon engine controlled
by HP software.
The HP
LaserJet printer was quickly followed by other laser
printers from Brother Industries, IBM, and others.
Most noteworthy was
the role the
laser printer played
in popularizing desktop
publishing with the
introduction of the
Apple
LaserWriter for the
Apple Macintosh, along
with Aldus PageMaker
software, in 1985.
With these products,
users
could create documents that would previously have required
professional typesetting.
Inkjet printer
Inkjet printers are a type of computer printer that operates
by propelling tiny droplets of liquid ink onto pape.
Digital press (1993)
Digital printing is the reproduction of digital
images on a physical surface, such as common or photographic paper or paperboard-cover
stock, film, cloth, plastic, vinyl, magnets, labels etc.
It can be differentiated from litho, flexography, gravure or letterpress printing
in many ways, some of which are;
·
Every impression made onto the paper can be different, as
opposed to making several hundred or thousand impressions of the same image
from one set of printing plates, as in traditional methods.
·
The Ink or Toner does
not absorb into the substrate, as does conventional ink, but forms a layer on
the surface and may be fused to the substrate by using an inline fuser fluid
with heat process (toner) or UV curing process (ink).
·
It generally requires less waste in terms of chemicals used and
paper wasted in set up or makeready (bringing the image "up to color"
and checking position).
·
It is excellent for rapid prototyping, or small print runs which
means that it is more accessible to a wider range of designers and more cost
effective in short runs.
3D
printing
Three-dimensional printing
is a method of converting a virtual 3D model into a physical object. 3D printing is a category of rapid prototyping technology. 3D printers typically work by
'printing' successive layers on top of the previous to build up a three
dimensional object. 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and
easier to use than other additive fabrication technologies.
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